What Are the 5 P's
The following description of the 5 P's is essential information for microsystem leaders. Moreover, by sharing this information with everyone in the microsystem, leaders can promote learning, understanding, and awareness that is broad and deep this improves the functioning of your microsystem. The purpose of your microsystem may go beyond the microsystem's mission statement.
Psychological Models of Abnormality
The psychological model of abnormality also stems from ancient Greece. In the second century c.e., the Greek physician Galen described a patient whose symptoms were caused either by an inflammation of the uterus or by something about which she was troubled but which she was not willing to discuss. He tested these two hypotheses and concluded that the patient's problem was psychological in origin.
Voluntarism
Structuralism and functionalism were two of the earliest schools of thought in psychology. To understand these early perspectives, it is important to consider the sociohistorical context in which they developed. Psychology as an independent scientific discipline was founded in 1879 by German scholar Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920 at the University of Leipzig. Wundt was a medically trained physiologist appointed to the department of philosophy at Leipzig. In 1879, he established the first-ever...
Limitations of behavioral therapy
Behavioral therapy is a natural extension and application of many of Skinner's views focusing on observable behavior. The first criticism pertains to the lack of attention that behavior therapy gives to emotion. Behavioral practitioners hold that empirical evidence has not shown that feelings must be changed first in order to achieve measurable progress. In general, behavioral practitioners do not encourage their clients to experience their emotion.
The mean values for arterial Po2 and Pco2 do not change during exercise
- Arterial pH does not change during moderate exercise, although it may decrease during strenuous exercise because of lactic acidosis. 3. On the other hand, venous Pco2 increases during exercise because the excess C02 produced by the exercising muscle is carried to the lungs in venous blood. Table 4-7. Summary of Respiratory Responses to Exercise 02 consumption C02 production Ventilation rate T (matches 02 consumption C02 production) No change No change in moderate exercise 4- in strenuous...
Benefits of consuming ‘kamoteng kahoy' or cassava in moderation
Truly, we've known cassava, or locally known as kamoteng kahoy , since childhood as among our favorite meriendas here in the Philippines. And it's pretty available anywhere in rural communities as it can grow in your own backyard. But apart from it being a staple in most of Filipino households, there are actually some things about it that we were not informed about. It is actually a good source of nutrients, which might be the reason why our elders love to eat it.
Cattell and mental tests
James McKeen Cattell, an American psychologist, soon built upon Galton's physiological method of measuring intelligence. In 1890, he published a set of mental tests, a catchy term he coined. Cattell suggested 10 mental tests for use with the general public. Dynamometer pressure. This test measured the strength of a person's hand grip. Cattell explained that he included this test because it is impossible to separate bodily from mental energy. Rate of hand movement. This test measured how quickly...
The unscientific nature of Jung's psychology
One of the earliest criticisms of Jung's work is that it is anti-scientific in its intentions as well as its content. This accusation surfaced as early as Jung's break with Freud in 1913. Jung's view of the functions of symbolism in dreams led to his isolation from the mainstream psychiatric community. As he put it, all my friends and acquaintances dropped away. My book was declared to be rubbish I was a mystic, and that settled the matter.
Does Shilajit increase the size of the penis
There are lots of sexual enhancement products that are being talked about and with the increased demand comes the increase in market production of various products that becomes the cure for your sexual problems. Internet is flooded with hell lot of information that talks about male sexual problems and enhancement of penis size. The most important and talk of the town which men really want is a long dick size. Men who have normal penis size also look ahead for penis enhancement ways.
Reasons for Using Animal Subjects
Psychologists study animals for a variety of reasons. Sometimes they study the behavior of a particular animal in order to solve a specific problem. They may study dogs, for example, to learn how best to train them as watchdogs, chickens to learn how to prevent them from fighting one another in henhouses, and wildlife to learn how to regulate populations in parks, refuges, or urban areas. These are all examples of what is called applied research.
How to Use the Ashitaba Leaves
Our Science lessons in school taught us that green plants are the basis of our energy conversion life cycle whereby these green plants contain chlorophyll which uses the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and create a by-product, starch. Chlorophyll has shown an ability to be an anti-bacterial, aid in the production of blood, and an ability to help heal wounds.
Guyabano – The Marvelous Anti-cancer Fruit
There's a buzz in the medical world that there's a cure for cancer that's proving to be 10,000 times more effective than chemotherapy, and without the side effect. Guyabano, also known as soursop (English), guan bana(Spanish) and graviola(Portuguese), is a green, pear-shaped fruit covered with soft spines. Matured guyabano or soursop fruit weighs about 2 to 5 kilograms.
Horney's coping strategies
In the course of Horney's experience in analysis with her patients, she began to see that these neurotic needs correlated with the psychic personality development she had observed and documented earlier. She called meshing of these neurotic personality types, and the needs addressed by each behavior, coping strategies. Her coping strategies are broken down into three types compliance, aggression, and withdrawal.
Kelly's 11 corollaries with examples
How does a person anticipate an event by "construing" the replications of events? Each event that occurs is unique; but some events can be viewed by their similarities. This construction must include both the way to identify the events as similar, as well as how they are different. If a person does not see distinctions between occurrences, then the entire world is perceived to be the same, or homogeneous.
Multidisciplinary Team MDT Advantages and Disadvantages
In the Introduction to NHS Cancer Plan, Three Year Progress Report - Maintaining the Momentum the National Cancer Director, Professor Mike Richards, said that the establishment of specialist cancer teams across the country has been one of the most important developments in recent years. These multidis-ciplinary teams bringing together surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, oncologists, palliative care specialists and other professionals are now helping to ensure that patients receive appropriate...
What Are the Benefits of Using PDSA
The focus of PDSA is experimentation such as testing out new change ideas to PDSA offers a disciplined model for testing improvements based on four steps plan, do, study, act. All too often ideas for change are acted on without detailed planning and organization. There is a saying, The devil is in the details. The discipline of PDSA will help you think through and plan for the devilish details of the idea you wish to test. Using this approach will increase your chances of successfully and...
SelfInstructional Training
Self-instructional training was developed by psychologist Donald Meichen-baum in the early 1970's. In contrast to Ellis and Beck, whose prior training was in psychoanalysis, Meichenbaum's roots are in behaviorism and the behavioral therapies. Thus Meichenbaum's approach is heavily couched in behavioral terminology and procedures. Meichenbaum's work stems from his earlier research in training schizophrenic patients to emit healthy speech.
Functional Autonomy and Personal Dispositions
Most personality theorists view adulthood as an extension of the basic motives present in childhood. Consistent with his belief that personality is always evolving, Allport believed that the motivations of adulthood are often independent of the motivations of childhood, and he referred to this concept as functional autonomy. For example, a person who plays a musical instrument during childhood years because of parental pressure may play the same instrument for relaxation or enjoyment.
Arousal Cost-Reward Model
In 1981, Jane Allyn Piliavin, John Dovidio, Samuel Gaertner, and Russell Clark introduced the arousal cost-reward model. This model assumes that witnessing the need or distress of another person is physiologically arousing. When one attributes the source of one's arousal to another person's distress, the arousal is sometimes experienced as emotionally unpleasant, and one becomes motivated to reduce it.
Scintillation Detectors in PET
As mentioned above, scintillation detectors are the most common and successful mode for detection of 511 keV photons in PET imaging due to their good stopping efficiency and energy resolution. These detectors consist of an appropriate choice of crystal scintil-lator coupled to a photo-detector for detection of the visible light. This process is outlined in further detail in the next two sections. Scintillation Process and Crystals Used in PET The electronic energy states of an isolated atom...
Transposition Flap
This flap must be large enough for transfer into a local defect (D). The surrounding skin can be mobilized for primary coverage of the secondary defect (S) a The transposition flap is outlined at a 90 angle to the defect (D). b The flap is swung into the defect, and the secondary defect (S) is closed by advancing the surrounding skin. c Appearance after closure of all defects. a The transposition flap is outlined at a 90 angle to the defect (D). b The flap is swung into the defect, and the...
Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory
Another widely used metric is the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory. This is based on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Theory, which considers that, before people can feel comfortable when tackling a problem they will differ amongst them on what structure they require and whether there is a need for a consensus on that structure. Another important factor is how important is the outcome of the problem solving, what is the reward or alternatively the punishment to be felt by the people...
Small glands of the oral cavity Glandulae salivariae minores
Small salivary glands at the inner aspect of the lips. B 33 Buccal glands. Gll. buccales. Small mucous salivary glands at the inner aspect of the cheeks. B 34 Molar glands. Gll. molares. Salivary glands corresponding to the buccal glands situated beneath the mucosal at the level of the molar teeth. B 35 Palatine glands. Gll. palatinae. Salivary glands situated beneath the mucosa of the palate. Two large groups right and left of the midline. D 36 Lingual glands....
Coracohumeral Ligament
The coracohumeral ligament (CHL) is a trapezoidal ligament located in the superior part of the shoulder capsule (on its nonarticulating surface) and runs parallel to and is closely overlaid by the CAL. It is present in fetal development by 14-wk gestation as a small band of tissue between the CHL and the CAL. The origin of the CHL is at the most posterior point on the lateral aspect of the coracoid process base (deep relative to the origin of the CAL). It appears as a broad band (2.5 cm wide)...
Superior Glenohumeral Ligament
The SGHL is the third of the glenohumeral ligaments and is attached to the nonarticulating edge of the glenohumeral joint capsule. The origin of the SGHL is near the top of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus, and it blends with the anterior edge of the CHL beneath the superior edge of the subscapularis tendon to insert into the fovea capitas 28,31,47 . In fetal development, the SGHL is present as thickenings of the joint capsule by 14-wk gestation 14 . The SGHL faces the glenohumeral joint...
Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament
In 1981, Turkel et al. described the IGHL as a structure attached to the inferior, anterior, and posterior margins of the glenoid labrum just below the epiphyseal line and the humeral neck 42 . In fetal development, the IGHL is present by 14-wk gestation and appears as several layers of poorly organized collagen fibers, which are better organized than their surrounding capsular structure. With gestational time, the amount of fibrous tissue increases while the cellularity decreases 14,43 . The...
Coronary Artery Anatomy
Right coronary artery RCA, proximal segment 2. Right coronary artery RCA, middle segment 3. Right coronary artery RCA, distal segment 4. Posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery 5. Left coronary artery main stem 6. Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery LAD RIVA, proximal segment 7. Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery LAD RIVA, middle segment 8. Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery LAD RIVA, distal segment 11....
Rectangularization or Mortality Compression
The age pattern of human mortality can be characterized in various ways. Figure 4 shows the American mortality levels in 1900 and 1995 from three perspectives. The first panel shows death rates by age. These death rates are used to construct a life table, which describes the experience of a hypothetical cohort subject throughout its life to the death rates of a given year. Thus, the middle and last panels show the distribution of deaths and the proportion of survivors at each age among members...
Absorption Of Drugs Across The Oral Mucosa
The oral cavity is the point of entry for oral drug formulations but usually their contact with the oral mucosa is brief. In order to take advantage of some of the properties of the oral mucosa or to locally treat the mucosa, delivery systems have been designed to prolong residence in this area. The total surface area available for drug absorption is quite limited, being only approximately 100 cm2. Absorption of drugs through the buccal mucosa was first described by Sobrero in 1847 who noted...
Conceptualizing Trauma
Personal and Philosophical Perspectives A person's worldview or conceptual framework for understanding the world should never be taken for granted. The branches of philosophy known as episte-mology and ontology are devoted to understanding the how of knowledge (epis-temology) and the what of the knowledge (ontology). How we as individuals come to know what we claim to know, our own personal epistemology is an important feature of our educational experience. What is happening when we attend...
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociation has long been considered an integral part of PTSD and posttraumatic reactions. After a traumatic event, survivors have often reported leaving their bodies or of observing themselves from the outside. One's sense of time can be distorted, and there can be a sense of unreality. Dissociation can be defined as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment. Bessel van der Kolk has proposed that at least in one...
Role of Freuds Id
Sigmund Freud proposed, in his psychoanalytical approach to behavioral energy, that psychic energy is the source of human behaviors. The id is the reservoir of instinctual energy presumed to derive directly from the somatic processes. This energy is unorganized, illogical, and timeless, knowing no values, no good or evil, no morality, according to Freud in 1933. The id operates according to the pleasure principle, using the primary process to discharge its energy as soon as possible, with no...
General Treatment Goals and Principles
How can helping be defined with respect to PTSD From a phenomenological perspective, PTSD can be understood to be about fear, vigilance, and arousal. Consider the following sentiment by a patient in therapy for PTSD When I first started coming, I couldn't connect to anyone I was numb all the time. I didn't care if my son cried. I couldn't feel his pain. I don't know if it was the lack of sleep that kept me feeling like I was in a dream or a daze all the time. I'd go to work, and if I needed...
Coping Strategies
Coping strategies, as in the cases of self-efficacy and psychological control, are conceptualized in this chapter as interpersonal resources that can be used for maximizing adaptive functioning. Coping is defined as the process of managing external and internal demands that are appraised as exceeding the resources of the person. Coping consists of efforts, both action oriented and intrapsychic, used to manage, reduce, or minimize environmental and internal demands and conflicts Lazarus amp...
Integrated Theories and Models
Yule's, Williams, and Joseph's Integrated Psychosocial Model Yule, Williams, and Joseph present what they call a multifactorial model of PTSD that includes numerous components from other models and combines them into a complex of interrelated variables. Perhaps, the easiest way to approach an understanding of their model is to first present it as shown in Figure 7.1. FIGURE 7.1 An Integrated Psychosocial Model. FIGURE 7.1 An Integrated Psychosocial Model. To understand the model, begin with the...
Neural Implementation of Memory as a Dynamic Constructive Process
Working out the biological basis of categorization in the real world is precisely one of the main goals of Edelman 66, 68 . Edelman's ideas are of interest not only because of his focus on processes of self-organization which provide the organism with the required adaptive potential, but because he considers memory from an embodied perspective. The notion of memory as recategorization is based on processes of sensory-motor coordination which in a very direct sense anchor memory, or its...
The Influence Of Culture On Beliefs About Health Illness And Disability
In a discussion of culture and health schemas, Landrine and Klonoff (1992) provide a review of how culture influences health-related schemas. While much of Landrine and Klonoff's review is centered around the influence of culture on health, illness, and disease, the literature can be extended to disability and chronic illness. In this review, Landrine and Klonoff analyze how culture influences health and illness schemas of ethnic and cultural groups in the United States and other countries and...
Complex PTSD and DESNOS
Treatment professionals and researchers have long recognized that reactions to trauma can include PTSD, but other sequelae of trauma can be just as problematic. These other complications represent perhaps a more severe or complicated form of PTSD that is now being recognized as Complex PTSD (CPTSD). Others sometimes refer to this form of complex posttraumatic reaction as disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS). Judith Herman (1992) proposed the term Complex PTSD to capture...
Doppler Imaging Frequency Demodulation
Sd(t) r cos(2ot + dot + j) + cos(dot + j) Low-pass filtering to remove the higher (2o) frequency components gives Figure 10.6. Simple coherent demodulation. The reflected signal is multiplied by a reference signal with the frequency of the originally transmitted signal, to produce a signal beating at the Doppler frequency. Low-pass filtering then yields the pure Doppler signal Figure 10.6. Simple coherent demodulation. The reflected signal is multiplied by a reference signal with the frequency...
Examples of the Prodrug Approach
There have been numerous examples of the application of the prodrug approach to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs subject to extensive presystemic metabolism, with varying degrees of success. Some selected examples of prodrugs and the results observed are summarized in Table 1 and are discussed below. Also included in Table 1 are some examples of peptides for which the prodrug approach was utilized to potentially improve oral or transmucosal delivery by reducing metabolic degradation....
TAT59 Miproxifene Phosphate
TAT-59 Miproxifene Phosphate is a triphenylethylene analog of tamoxifen that was under development and in Phase II III clinical trials Nomura et al., 1998b Monograph, 1999 by the Taiho Pharmaceutical Company Tokushima, Japan when its development was discontinued. TAT-59 is the phosphate ester prodrug of the practically insoluble parent drug DP-TAT-59 Figure 4 , which has a solubility of 58 ng mL at pH 7.4 Heimbach, 2003 . Formulation strategies to identify a crystalline pharmaceutical salt of...
Total Lower Lid Reconstruction
The entire lower lid can be reconstructed with a transposition flap (Fig. 9.11a, b) or a bipedicle flap (myocutaneous flap, Fig. 9.12a, b) from the upper eyelid (Tripier flap). As in other methods, a chon-dromucosal graft from the nasal septum can be used for lining (see Figs. 9.6 and 9.7). The lateral and medial pedicles are divided and inset in a later sitting. Fig. 9.7 Lower lid reconstruction using the rotation-advancement technique of Mustarde (1980). a The mucosal defect is reconstructed...
Present Medical History Is Case Of Fracture
In taking the history of a patient who may have a fracture, the following points may prove to be helpful, especially when there has been a traumatic incident. 1. What activity was being pursued at the time of the incident (e.g. taking part in a sport, driving a car, working at a height, etc.) 2. What was the nature of the incident (e.g. a kick, a fall, a twisting injury, etc.) 3. What was the magnitude of the applied forces For example, if a patient was injured in a fall, it is helpful to know...
Scrotum Air Inflation
Ileal atresia is an important cause for low intestinal obstruction. It represents approximately 50 of small bowel atresias and the etiology is similar to that of jejunal atresia. As jejunal atresias, they are believed to result from an intrauterine vascular injury. Approximately 25 have a history of polyhydramnios Sweeney et al. 2001 . Plain film shows numerous dilated loops of bowel occupying the entire abdominal cavity, including the pelvic portion, and multiple air-fluid levels in upright...
Commissural and Associative Pathways
Transverse or commissural fibers unite the two hemispheres association fibers connect different structures in the same hemisphere. Most commissural and associative pathways are well visible on cross-sectional MRI cuts. In this chapter, the main pathways are drawn on 3D MRI reformatted images. MR tractography can nowadays directly identify many of them. Corpus Callosum (see also p. 24) The corpus callosum is the biggest interhemispheric commissure, containing fibers that reach all aspects of the...
Initiating Tissue Cultures
Tissue cultures are started from pieces of whole plants. The small organs or pieces of tissue that are used are called explants. The part of the plant (the stock plant or mother plant) from which explants are obtained, depends on the kind of culture to be initiated the purpose of the proposed culture the plant species to be used. Explants can therefore be of many different kinds. The correct choice of explant material can have an important effect on the success of tissue culture. Plants growing...
Mechanisms Of Parturition Parturition
The process of normal spontaneous parturition can be divided into four stages (see the reviews of Challis 2000 and Challis et al. 2000 ). During most of pregnancy, the uterus remains relatively quiescent, and this corresponds to Phase 0 (quiescence) of parturition. Phase 1 (activation) involves uterine stretch and fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation. Phase 2 (stimulation) refers to stimulation of the activated uterus by various substances, including corti-cotropin-releasing...
The Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis
Mitochondria are thought to be the primary organelles involved in mediating most apoptotic pathways in mammalian cells (Green and Kroemer, 2004 Kroemer, 2003 Newmeyer and Ferguson-Miller, 2003 Ravagnan et al., 2002 Sorice et al., 2004 Zamzami and Kroemer, 2001). Mitochondria are engaged via the intrinsic pathway of cell death, which can be initiated by a variety of stress stimuli, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, y-irradiation, heat, DNA damage, the actions of some oncoproteins and tumor...
Gastric Emptying Of Dosage Forms
For the majority of cases, oral drug delivery is the cheapest and most convenient method of dosing. Unfortunately it is difficult to achieve a precise control of the plasma concentration-time profile, which shows marked intra- and inter-subject variation even under the rigidly controlled conditions of the clinical trial. In the unrestricted patient this is exaggerated by poor compliance and anything more complicated than a b.d. schedule is impractical. Daily patterns such as food intake,...
Calculation of reabsorption and secretion rates
The reabsorption or secretion rate is the difference between the amount filtered across the glomerular capillaries and the amount excreted in urine. It is calculated with the following equations Filtered load GFR x plasma Excretion rate V x urine Reabsorption rate Filtered load - Excretion rate Secretion rate Excretion rate - Filtered load - If the filtered load is greater than the excretion rate, then net reabsorption of the substance has occurred. If the filtered load is less than the...
Increasing TPR causes a decrease in both cardiac output and venous return Figure 314
a A counterclockwise rotation of the venous return curve occurs. Increased TPR results in decreased venous return as blood is retained on the arterial side. b A downward shift of the cardiac output curve is caused by the increased aortic pressure increased afterload as the heart pumps against a higher pressure. Figure 3-14. Effect of increased total peripheral resistance TPR on the cardiac and vascular function curves and on cardiac output. c As a result of these simultaneous changes, a new...
Operating table
The centrepiece of every operating theatre is the operating table. The operating table or the position in which it is erected is the basis for arranging all other high-tech devices, such as ceiling mounts for anaesthesia systems and surgery, operating lights, possibly ceiling-mounted X-ray image intensifiers or surgical microscopes, together with air-conditioning ceilings and panels. What exactly is an operating table An attempt to explain this with the help of a dictionary is sure to fail...
Affectionless Control and Anxiety
The caring environment can induce anxiety and depression. The Australian researcher Gordon Parker described a model of parental caring which involved emotional coldness and a tendency to control the children, termed affectionless control, which he maintained could induce depression in the infants 53-55 . He also devised a questionnaire, the parental bonding instrument (PBI), for administration to the children of these parents, asking them to describe their parents' attitude to them, on the...
The Respiratory System
Pulmonary respiration entails the acquisition of oxygen and release of excess CO2. The process also adjusts the pH of the blood, since CO2 and water form a weak acid. The main muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm. Contraction and downward motion of the diaphragm causes a negative pressure in the chest, which draws in air. Other than the diaphragm, there are accessory muscles of inspiration (pectoralis major and minor, ser-ratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, levatores...
The Barrel Stave Model
The barrel-stave model was first proposed to describe the formation of transmembrane channels pores by bundles of amphipatic a-helical peptides (Ehrenstein and Lecar 1977 Sansom 1993,1998). Peptides which act via this mechanism are inserted into the membrane such that their hydrophobic surfaces interact with the lipid core of the membrane and their hydrophilic surfaces point inward producing an aqueous pore (Fig. 7.3). Amphipatic a-helical lytic peptides which act on a specific or several types...
Glutathione conjugation
Glutathione is one of the most important molecules in the cellular defence against toxic compounds. This protective function is due in part to its involvement in conjugation reactions, and a number of toxicological examples of this such as bromobenzene and paracetamol hepatotoxicity are discussed later (see Chapter 7). The other protective functions of glutathione are discussed in Chapter 6. Glutathione is a tripeptide (figure 4.56), composed of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine...
The Digestive System
Efficient food intake requires gastrointestinal motility, digestion and absorption. Malfunction may occur in any of the above categories. After the teeth chew the food, thereby providing greater surface area for digestion, swallowing occurs through the combined action of the tongue and pharyngeal muscles. The upper third of the esophagus is under voluntary control, whereas the musculature in the lower portion becomes progressively more involuntary. Throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract,...
Dissection Of Endopelvic Fascia And Division Of Puboprostatic Ligaments
Before the dissection is begun, the bladder is emptied via the Foley catheter using the laparoscopic suction irrigator. The endopelvic fascia on both sides is exposed using blunt dissection with a laparoscopic Kittner. The superficial dorsal venous complex is coagulated and divided. The puboprostatic ligaments are likewise exposed (Fig. 37.5). The endopelvic fascia is then incised just lateral to the prostatic surface along the lateral pelvic wall. The endopelvic fascia is incised with the...
Acoustic Attenuation And Speed Of Sound
The first recorded thoughts in the whole field of medical ultrasonic imaging were those of the Dussiks (1947) who, in the 1930s, attempted to make shadow images of the human head that, similarly to the plain X-ray, purported to be 'ray-attenuation' maps. In the event, refraction and reflection artefacts totally obscured any real anatomical information and, for most parts of the human anatomy, such artefacts have constituted a practically insoluble barrier to this approach. The principal...
The Carpet Model
The barrel-stave mechanism was found to be used by the non-cell-selective AMPs but not by those peptides that are selectively active on bacteria (Strahilevitz et al. 1994 Shai et al. 1990 Rapaport and Shai 1991,1992 Gazit et al. 1994 Pouny and Shai 1992 Shai 1994). Detailed mode-of-action studies suggested an alternative model, termed the carpet model or a detergent-like model (Pouny and Shai 1992 Gazit et al. 1995a,b). Figure 7.4 depicts the four steps proposed to be involved in the carpet...
Rectal Anatomy
The analysis of the anatomy of the distal portion of the large intestine and of the sigmoid colon at the level of the third sacral vertebra is continuous with the distal portion of the large intestine the rectum. The longitudinal musculature that at the colonic level is arranged in three bands, the taeniae, at the colorectal junction expands again to form a continuous layer of longitudinal musculature 1 . The haus-tra disappear and the distal portion of the intestine appears as a smooth, almost...
Effective Release Height and Plume Rise
Because ground-level concentration is proportional to exp(-h2), it is particularly sensitive to the height of a release. However, the physical height of a release is often not the appropriate height to use in calculations. For example, in Figure 7.9 buoyancy and momentum of the exhaust gases (termed plume rise) cause the effective height of the release to differ from the physical height of the stack. Effective release height, he, is given by where hs is physical release height and hpr is plume...
Three Types of Homeotic Genes Control Floral Organ Identity
Five different genes are known to specify floral organ identity in Arabidopsis APETALA1 API , APETALA2 AP2 , APETALA3 AP3 , PISTILLATA PI , and AGAMOUS AG Bowman et al. 1989 Weigel and Meyerowitz 1994 . The organ identity genes initially were identified through mutations that dramatically alter the structure and thus the identity of the floral organs produced in two adjacent whorls Figure 24.5 . For example, plants with the ap2 mutation lack sepals and petals see Figure 24.5B . Plants bearing...
Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence
Hull 1884-1952 and Kenneth Wartinbee Spence 1907-67 met at Yale University, where Hull was a professor of psychology and Spence was a graduate student and research assistant in the primate lab of Robert Yerkes. Hull and Spence shared an interest in experimental psychology, researching maze learning in the rat. Although the two men jointly authored only one published paper, they created one of the most influential learning and conditioning theories of their time the Spence-Hull theory....
Types of temporary crown
Temporary crowns may be made using a prefabricated crown or may be custom made the latter can be constructed chairside or indirectly. The choice of material is largely determined by the aesthetic and mechanical properties. A wide variety of prefabricated crowns is available and these vary in quality and anatomic form - some being so poorly shaped that they would not be able to fulfil the roles of a temporary restoration. Prefabricated crowns may be made from metal (typically aluminium or...
Conceptual Basis of Dietary Reference Intakes
Brief descriptions of each category of reference intakes included in the DRI reports are provided in table 2, along with their typical uses. Initially, only three categories of DRIs for each nutrient were planned an estimated average requirement (EAR), an RDA, and a tolerable upper intake level (UL). Early on, however, it became apparent that for nutrients with little dose-response data, a reference value would still be needed as a recommended level of intake, established on a different basis...
Ebbinghaus on Learning and Forgetting
The first recognized work done in psychology on the measurement of thought processes was Hermann Ebbinghaus's work on memory capacity and forgetting. Working independently in the 1880's in Germany, Ebbinghaus set out to study memory processes, particularly the nature of forgetting. Being the first psychologist to study the issue, he had no precedent, so Ebbinghaus invented his own procedures for measuring memory. To his credit, those procedures were so good that they are still commonly used....
Spearman and general intelligence
Around the same time that Binet introduced his intelligence test, English psychologist Charles Spearman published his own theory of intelligence. It, too, was at odds with Binet's concepts. Yet in later years, Spearman's ideas, like those of Galton and Cattell, were often promoted using Binet's test. Spearman's early work was actually inspired by Galton and Cattell. In one experiment, he studied two dozen schoolchildren in three ways. First, he had their teacher rank them on cleverness in...
Binet compared to Galton and Cattell
The failure of Galton's and Cattell's intelligence tests opened the door for Binet to develop a more practical alternative. He succeeded where they had failed at devising a test that was related to intelligent behavior in real life. Today, most useful intelligence tests for people of all ages are still based on Binet's model. Such tests require people to use several mental abilities to perform a broad range of complex tasks. One factor that may have helped Binet succeed was his choice of study...
Four Principles of Life Span Developmental Psychology
One central idea of life span developmental psychology is that development concerns not only the biologically determined differentiation and growth of psychological factors in children. Development is rather seen as taking place from the very beginning until the end of human life, with any phase having its own specific importance for the entire course of development (e.g., Baltes & Baltes, 1990). For the life span development of prospective memory, this means that we need to describe and...
Understanding ‘Floaters' … those worms in our eyes
Do you experience seeing flashes and weird shapes in front of your eyes Do you sometimes see worms and lines moving around in different colors and shapes. Do you know what these could be Floaters (Photo Credit Wikipedia) It was a lovely afternoon and I had brought my camera. We were having a lazy stroll along the shore and the sky was so blue. It was a marvelous shade of blue that I just had to capture on my cam.
Mitochondria Are Semiautonomous Organelles
The breakdown of sucrose to pyruvate releases less than 25 of the total energy in sucrose the remaining energy is stored in the two molecules of pyruvate. The next two stages of respiration (the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation i.e., electron transport coupled to ATP synthesis) take place within an organelle enclosed by a double membrane, the mitochondrion (plural mitochondria). In electron micrographs, plant mitochondria whether in situ or in vitro usually look spherical or...
Applications of the Principles of Behaviorism
The behaviorism of Watson has resulted in applications in psychology and many other disciplines. The most notable form of application of Watson's behaviorism is the psychological treatment known as systematic desensitiza-tion. This treatment was created by South African psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997). Systematic desensitization was designed to reverse the outcome of the classical conditioning process in which extremely intense negative emotional responses, such as fear or anxiety, are...
Principles of Gestalt psychology
Explanation Wertheimer did not immediately comprehend all the implications of his initial study. After the publication of his 1912 paper, Wertheimer became actively involved in the German war effort during World War 1. This meant that much of the time from 1914 to 1920 was devoted to research and development on subjects other than Gestalt theory. It was not until 1923 that Wertheimer published a tract further enlarging upon his ideas about perception and perceptual grouping. In reality, what he...
Terman and the Stanford Binet intelligence scales
While Goddard introduced Binet's test to the United States, it was Lewis Terman who ensured its lasting popularity. At the same time that Binet and Simon were developing the first version of their scale in France, Terman was working on his doctoral thesis at Clark University in Massachusetts. A former teacher, Terman had noted that some students seemed to sail through all of their classes, while other students always struggled. He wanted to find mental tests that would distinguish one group of...
Sickle Cell Anemia As Example Of Natural Selection
One of the textbook classics of natural selection, selection at the human j -Hb locus that codes for the j chain of adult hemoglobin, illustrates the fact that selection is not survival of the fittest and the importance of understanding natural selection in terms of average excesses. Although this story is usually told starting in Africa, we will start the story thousands of kilometers away, in Southeast Asia. The people living in the coastal areas of Southeast Asia and the islands that now...
Instaflex Advanced Review
Instaflex is a line of supplements that relieve joint pain. It claims to work fast to decrease stiffness and enhance flexibility. Joint pain is not a condition that affects just old aged people. According to a national survey, 1 3rd of adults reported suffering from joint pain in the past 30 days. Most of them complained about knee pain, although hip and shoulder pain were pretty common too. But, you know all that already.
Virectin Loaded Review - Finally a Male Enhancement Supplement that Really Works?
Libido and erection are things that are in the minds of almost every man, and it is common for some men to feel somewhat inadequate in this department. The vast majority of men, as they age, start to experience some degree of sexual and or erectile dysfunction, something that continues to be quite taboo. That it is a common problem, however, is seen in the sheer number of supplements, lotions, potions, and devices that exist on the market today, all said to help with male enhancement.
Fit Crew USA Xtreme No2: Boosted Performance And Strength!
FitCrew USA Xtreme No2 - Anyone who has ever tried to build a muscular body in the gym knows that the results are not quick and as you expect. Along with workout, our body need proper nutrients and amino acid to assist in the recovery process. So, it is important to take an appropriate nutritional supplement if you want to maximize your workout potential. Among a wide range of muscle-building supplement, today we are reviewing one of the most popular and potent supplements.
Retention and resistance
The ability of an indirect restoration to resist dislodging forces relies primarily on the retentive and resistance form of the preparation. Retentive form - those features of the preparation that resist removal of the restoration in its long axis. Resistance form - those features of the preparation that resist dislodgement due to forces outside the path of withdrawal of the restoration, i.e. lateral or rotational forces. Resistance is probably the more important of the two. There exists a...
The Discovery Of The Gibberellins
Although gibberellins did not become known to American and British scientists until the 1950s, they had been discovered much earlier by Japanese scientists. Rice farmers in Asia had long known of a disease that makes the rice plants grow tall but eliminates seed production. In Japan this disease was called the foolish seedling, or bakanae, disease. Plant pathologists investigating the disease found that the tallness of these plants was induced by a chemical secreted by a fungus that had...
Gibberellins Have Commercial Applications
The major uses of gibberellins (GA3, unless noted otherwise), applied as a spray or dip, are to manage fruit crops, to malt barley, and to increase sugar yield in sugarcane. In some crops a reduction in height is desirable, and this can be accomplished by the use of gibberellin synthesis inhibitors (see Web Topic 20.1). Fruit production. A major use of gibberellins is to increase the stalk length of seedless grapes. Because of the shortness of the individual fruit stalks, bunches of seedless...
Cancer of the Antral and Pyloric Parts
Blastomatous affection of the distal part of the stomach occurs quite frequently. Although its incidence tends to decrease, it is necessary to note that this concerns only exophytic tumors and in a small number of countries, where to human health has a high priority. The most prevalent cancers are infiltrative tumors, the occurrence of which remains at about the same level D Fig. 130 . Pyloric cancers are a special problem in the detection of distal tumors. They occur less frequently Fig. 130...
The History of Retinal Detachment Surgery
The history of retinal detachment surgery is one of the great success stories in the history of medicine. The first descriptions of retinal detachment were by Ware in 1805, Wardrop in 1818, and Panizza in 1826 1-3 . These descriptions relied mainly on pathological observations. The introduction of the ophthalmoscope by Fig. 1.1. Jules Gonin. (Reproduced with permission Wilkinson CP, Rice TA (1997) Michels retinal detachment, 2nd edn. Mosby St. Louis MO. pp 241-333 10 ) Fig. 1.1. Jules Gonin....
What Does a Meeting Agenda Template Look Like
A sample of a meeting template that you could adapt to your own situation is shown in Figure 12.2. Notice that the roles and meeting steps are listed on the agenda. Many groups complete this template for each meeting to remind themselves of appropriate meeting discipline. With repeated use of this template the meeting roles and process become a habit for the group. Interdisciplinary groups often report that using the meeting template feels awkward for the first few meetings but that with...
Further Assessment
Screening films At an early stage in the assessment of a patient with multiple injuries, screening films of the cervical spine, chest and pelvis should be obtained. Where there is the possibility of an abdominal injury with intra-abdominal haemorrhage an ultrasound examination should be carried out. If the circumstances dictate and allow, the opportunity may be taken at this stage to arrange an X-ray examination of any limb injury, or any injury to the skull or facial bones. Fluid replacement...
Attachment in Nonhuman Primates
The existence of a mother-infant attachment relationship has been recognized for many years. For most of those years, however, psychologists explained the development of this attachment by way of traditional learning theory. That is, behaviorists argued that the infant-mother attachment develops because mothers are associated with the powerful, reinforcing event of being fed. In this way, the mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer. This reinforcement theory of attachment, however, came into...
Are there any side effects of taking male enhancement pills?
With easier access to male enhancement pills , every man can experience such medicines for sex improvement. The Internet is flooded with enlargement pills for men claiming to increase penis size & sex stamina. Both natural extracts & chemicals contained sex tablets are advertised online. Advertisement of plenty of men enlarging pills makes it complicated choosing good ones from the bad. Thousands of the questions are asked about such male enhancement pills.
Exercise to enlarge the penis size?
PENIS ENLARGEMENT Most men have the inner self that the greater your penis is, the better your sex life would be. There are most ladies like their accomplices to have a more drawn out and thicker penis. So how would you increment penis size Penis extending is the way towards utilizing hands or gadgets to expand penis length. Is it truly conceivable that this could occur Indeed, this article will give you knowledge of this subject upheld by ongoing exploration.
Sultan's Night Male Enhancement Pills Saved My Marriage! True story of our Customer
Sultan's night penis enlargement pill has earned high reputation due to its amazing results all over the sexual health especially in enhancing penis size. Check out this true story of our customer who has been satisfied with our permanent male enhancement pills. This real incident is especially for those who have uncertainty about S.N. (Ayurvedic medicine for increasing penis size). After reading this whole statement you would uncertainly got to know that why I chosen to post it.
How Does Ayurveda Helps to Increase Penis Size?
In ayurveda the best treatment is ayurvedic medication, if you want to increase penis size naturally so best option is ayurvedic penis enlargement pills. This sultan's night best male enhancement pills contains totally pure and natural ingredients which have the healing power to treat many sexual dysfunction such as penis size issue, erectile dysfunction in males, premature ejaculation, sex power issue in the males etc.
Hidden ways to increase penis size permanently
Only long lasting sex performance with pleasurable sexual stamina is not sufficient for healthy sex and pleasant sex. There's an another essential need for better sex which examined in studies is having longer and stronger dick. Friends you heard right Do Penis size matter for healthy and long lasting sex Such Millions of questions are regularly are asked about human penis size and its role in men sex life and most these question indicates the concern and fear of men for their penis size.
What pills can increase your sex power naturally?
SULTAN NIGHT sex power capsule is the best rated herbal medicine manufactured to improve overall men sexual performance without any risk of side effects. Men often seek sex enhancement products without causing any kind of side effects, but there are tons of sex power boosting supplements such as sex power medicine , vacuum pumps for long-lasting erection, penile extenders and many more are sold over the internet which make it harder choosing effective one from plenty of sex power medicine for...
Ayurvedic Treatment for Increasing Penis and Facts About Long Penis
Studies did by ayurvedic experts discovered that ayurvedic penis enlargement treatments prevent naturally. Such kind of natural treatment has been utilized by thousands of male who have gotten realistic and proven results. With all ancient ayurvedic advices and prescription of the physicians men could get proven results with the ayurvedic preventative measure for male enhancement.
Ways to Please The Males For Sex!
To satisfy a male sexually can be difficult some times because due to the lack of desire or another reason may cause sexual inability.In this blog it is told how to please the males for sex. Apart from providing Sultan's Night penis enlargement pills our website also wants to maintain your sexual life by telling the females how to satisfy male for sex. For sexually satisfying your male some methods are given here to increase sex desire in males .
How to Get Long penis Size easily?
We as society always have though that women are the only one who suffer from negative body image. Women are very conscious about their body, their style and everything basically. They are not the only ones to also feel and feel ashamed about orgasm. But, men also get stressed great deal about their penis size . They believe that the shorted penis size and definitely affect your sexual intercourse. Not even men but women are also obsessed with Long penis Size and make sex disorder.
What lifestyle changes are recommended for increasing penis size?
To increase penis size every guy gives their first priority to penis enlargement products especially male enhancement pills. Since these tablets are useful in permanent male enhancement . Even if there are another preventative penis enlargement measures exist. Any guesses Right Changing in lifestyles which are recommended by a sexologist or any sex professional can increase penis size naturally.
Do reducing belly fat causes increase in penis size?
Over the internet there are many blogs and article which claims that their product are results provided. However, this statement about male enlargement products is still questionable but what you have never noticed is belly fat which causes small penis size as well. Do you have big dick If yes, so must have maintained sexual life without belly fat. Since, these both of the terms belly fat and small are related with each other.
Truth about male enlargement and how to increase penis permanently
The penis enlargement has truly become the most argumentative and viewed term all over the world. According to the statistics of surveys men highly demand the male enhancement treatment typically permanent way to increase penis size . Several studies don't support the male enhancement but if you search over the internet you may find plenty of enlargement products, techniques and many more ways to increase penis size .
Which Penis Enlargement Supplement Best For increasing penis size
Enlargement-This is a very sensitive subject to discuss penis enlargement supplement, as many people hesitate or would not like to talk about it. Many people also are unaware of any sexual problems that they are suffering from, on the other hand, many people would not like to discuss the same for fear of being a topic to laugh about. There are various Ayurvedic Penis Enlargement Pills in the market which claim to have the same results as desired by the customer.
Can Ayurvedic Sex Power Pills Boost Sex Stamina or It's Myth?
How long do you last long in bedroom When Sexual stamina comes to sex it clearly defines that how long can you have sex Especially the men have lack of sexual stamina therefore there's the highly demand of best sex power medicine for men. Half of male on the planet are having lack of sexual stamina and have taken numerous sex power medicines but couldn't affect.
Is Men Sexual Wellness Products Available Online In India?
There is a lack of people who find Sexual Wellness Products for Men online in India because Mostly people are very hesitating to do discuss this topic face to face, so viewers it is not a very sensitive subject to discuss it is a natural thing that comes in people mind but they weren't able to find any solution So no worry viewers we are here to tell you about the solution to the sexual problem with sexual wellness products.
7 Foods You Should Avoid for Better Sex Life
Food is the most essential part of every individual life which is useful for giving the nutritional support to humans. But have you ever thought that sometimes having food may also cause several sexual harms Yes you are hearing right Where a right kind of food supplies the energy and cause a healthy body, on the other it may destroy your life. There are several foods which are responsible for bad and unhealthy sexual life.
Can penis enlargement ayurvedic medicines increase penis Permanently?
Here is the reality about Ayurveda-based penis enlargement medicine commonly recommended to increase your penis permanently. So, Let's Consider it Increasing penis size with natural treatments is often said the best from every perspective. Whether it comes to safety, Results or any other factor, Natural treatment is the first and foremost option The same implements to One of the most controversial terms called penis enlargement.
What is the best penis enlargement ayurvedic medicine in India?
For millions of Indians, Talking about small penis size is taboo. Even, They hesitate to discuss their sexual disorders with doctors. Similarly, Men often consider their small penis size can also be discussed. Are you disappointed with your penis size India's most trusted best ayurvedic penis enlargement medicine The Sultan's night can be helpful in it. But the question is Do the penis enlargement ayurvedic medicine increase your penis permanently Or it's only hype, Read and explore the truth.
What is the most effective pill for male enhancement?
There is no hesitancy that Safely enlarging the size of your penile isn't easy. Although it's not a term that can't be achieved. Yes, you heard right Guys. permanent male enhancement is uncertainty possible doesn't matter whether through dick enlargement pills or any other ideal penis enlargement procedure for both (Length & girth).
5 Outstanding Sexual Benefits of Ashwagandha
Whenever you think to boost sex drive , sex stamina and better sexual performance the thing access to your mind is ayurvedic sex power medicines . But there is another sex enhancement techniques which doesn't get your attention are natural sex strength herbs ASHWAGANDHA. This natural herbs is known as for its scientifically advantages on human body functions which is also supported by the ayurveda an old indian treatment.
Does penis enlargement products work?
As we always say and guide you that as there are many medicines and pills available in the market which states the cure of many sexual related problems. People get misled with such kinds of cures and medicines which claim instant effect. These penis enlargement pills can bring a lot of side effects which can also lead to permanent impotency.
Best Penis Enlargement Ayurvedic Medicine?
Men have consistently been aware of the size of their penises. Since antiquated occasions, there has been a ton of discussion and debate with respect to the ideal penis size . Nonetheless, the discussion is by all accounts ceaseless. Men with little penises regularly grow low certainty and helpless self-perception. They get stressed over the effect of a little penis on their relationship and sexual execution. This frequently negatively affects their psychological prosperity.